Angkor What History

Angkor What Noted for its architectural and artistic perfection, not to mention its sheer size, Angkor What is the most famous and no doubt the most remarkable of all of Cambodia's ancient temples. Combining great technical mastery on an unprecedented scale with extraordinary architectural and artistic innovations, Angkor What has a unique place in the long ancient Khmer tradition of the royal "Temple-Mountain.". Built in the 12th century in the reign of King Suryavarman II, this was the residence of Vishnu, the divine palace in which the King himself was to reside after death. The construction is thought to have taken some thirty years of intensive labor.
	In the "Middle Period", notably in the 16th century, Angkor What, then known as Preah Pisnulok (the posthumous name of its royal founder), became a site of Buddhist pilgrimage not only for the Khmer people but for much of Southeast Asia, and indeed for other more distant Asian peoples. Today, the Khmer people see in "Little Angkor" (the familiar name of Angkor Vat), the symbol of their nation. Angkor What, forming a rectangle of about 1,500 by 1,300 metres, covers an area including its 190 metre wide moats - of nearly 200 hectares. The external enclosure wall defines an expanse of 1,025 metres by 800, or 82 hectares. It is the largest monument of the Angkor group.
	Site Constructed to the south of the capital (Angkor Thom), Angkor What is sited in the southeast corner of the ancient city of Yashodhara built by Yashovarman I and centred on Phnom Bakheng. The westward orientation of Angkor What is opposite to the orientation of sanctuaries dedicated to divinities. In Brahmanic funerary rituals, the rites are performed in reverse of the normal order - the ritual procession does not follow "pradakshina" (keeping the monument to one's right), but rather in the opposite direction, the "prasavya?". Hence, the bas-reliefs are to be viewed in an anti-clockwise direction.
	Exterior The moats surrounding the external enclosure of the monument are bordered by steps with a moulded sandstone perimeter, and are five and a half kilometres in overall length. They are crossed only at two places - to the east by a simple bank of earth, and to the west by a 200 metre-long and 12 metre-wide sandstone-paved causeway, lined with columns along its sides. A cruciform terrace decorated with lions, precedes this causeway and is bordered by naga balustrades.
The temple enclosure, formed by a high laterite wall incorporates a colonnade of 235 metres composed of a three-part gopura - the towers of which are cruciform in plan and galleries that link with two pavilions at either extremity which served as passageways for elephants.
	Kuk Ta Reach Kuk Ta Reach, the "Sanctuary of the Royal Ancestor" is the traditional name of the series of porticos in this colonnade leading into the interior of Angkor What. Of the many divinities and spirits worshipped here, 'Ta Reach' is by far the most important. Embodied in a colossal four-armed statue worshipped in the portico to the south of the main entrance, Ta Reach's protective powers are known throughout the Angkor region. Over the past decades, local caretakers have restored parts of the Ta Reach statue with cement. In 2003, the cement replica head was replaced by the original that had been stored for safekeeping at the National Museum of Cambodia.
Bas-Relief Galleries The bas-reliefs cover the inner walls of the galleries of the lower enclosure and comprise of panels two metres in height with a total area of more than 1,000 square metres excluding the corner pavilions. Limited to the zone that would have been accessible to the public, they represent legendary and historic scenes for the enlightenment of the faithful. These galleries, which are open to the exterior and form the temple's third enclosure wall, are sculpted in bas-reliefs representing historical and epic scenes. The friezes were, for the most part, executed during, or shortly after, the reign of Suryavarman II. Only the northeastern corner - the northern section of the eastern gallery and the eastern section of the northern gallery were left bare at that time, to be sculpted later, in the 16th century. These late reliefs are notably inferior in quality of conception and execution, due most probably to a rupture in the artistic tradition between the fall of the capital at Angkor in the 15th century and the 16th-century restoration. The scenes represented are as follows:
	1. The Battle of Kurukshetra, between the Pandava and the Kaurava families, from the Mahabharata epic tale.The reliefs sculpted on the southern section of this western gallery represent a concluding episode of the Mahabharata, a renowned Indian epic tale.This is the Battle of Kurukshetra, when the Pandava and Kaurava clans meet in final, deadly combat. Interestingly, the Mahabharata is virtually unknown in modern Cambodia. Unlike the Ramayana, which continues to permeate all aspects of Khmer culture, the Mahabharata would seem to have faded from cultural practice and memory with the decline of the Angkorian Empire.
	2. Historical scenes depicting the reign of Suryavarman II. The reliefs sculpted on the western section of this southern gallery commemorate a series of historical events from the reign of King Suryavarman II, the founder of Angkor Vat in the 12th century. As the brief inscription engraved next to the image of Suryavarman II identifies this king by his posthumous name, Paramavisnuloka, the reliefs themselves are thought to have been sculpted shortly after his death.
Hell	3. Heavens and Hells: the consequences of one's acts can be pondered as the blessed delight in celestial bliss above while the wicked suffer in agony below. The reliefs sculpted on the eastern section of this southern gallery represent the 37 Heavens and 32 Hells derived from Indian tradition. The Hells, on the lower registers, are pictured in greater detail than the Heavens above. Each Hell is in fact identified by an accompanying inscription. Thus we read "Avici", "Raurava", etc., names still known and feared in Cambodia.
4. "The Churning of the Sea of Milk". The reliefs sculpted on the southern section of this eastern gallery represent the "Churning of the Sea of Milk", a popular episode from Vishnu lore. The Gods (northern part) and the Demons (southern part) use the serpent Vasuki as a cord wound around Mount Mandara, emerging from the Sea; pulling alternately on either end of the serpent, together they churn the Sea of Milk in order to extract the nectar of immortality. Seizing the nectar as it is formed, the Gods are victorious, and thus thereafter immortal.
5. Victory of Vishnu over the Asura demons. The reliefs on this northeastern corner (northern section of the eastern gallery and eastern section of the northern gallery) were sculpted in the 16th century, some four hundred years after the original construction of Angkor Vat and the sculpture of most of the temple's gallery walls. These reliefs clearly demonstrate that, though Cambodia had by then become a Theravadin Buddhist nation, the Khmers had not yet forgotten their past Brahmanic culture. The scenes on the northern section of the eastern gallery, are thought to have been extracted from the Indian Harivamsa, show the God Vishnu, in the center, singularly defeating the Demons. 6. Victory of Krishna (an avatar of Vishnu) over the demon Bana. The scenes on the eastern section of the northern gallery, thought to have been extracted from the Indian Harivamsa, show Krishna, one of Vishnu's many avatars, defeating his rival Bana. A variety of Gods are represented here, including Shiva at the western end. 7. Combat between the Gods and the Demons. All the major Brahmanic Gods, identifiable by the attributes they brandish and the animal mounts they ride, are represented on the western portion of this northern gallery. Each God is shown in singular combat with a Demon. In a similar way to other sculpted galleries of Angkor Vat, the God Vishnu, pictured here in the center of the long panel, is pre-eminent. 8. The Battle of Lanka, from the Ramayana epic tale. The reliefs of the northern portion of this western gallery illustrate a renowned episode of the Ramayana, the Indian epic tale which recounts the exploits of Prince Rama (an avatar of Vishnu). We see here the Battle of Lanka, in which Rama's monkey army led by the monkey General Hanuman fights the Demon King Ravana's army. Rama's army seeks to rescue his wife Sita, who has been captured and held hostage in Lanka, Ravana's island kingdom.
	Preah Poan The name of this cruciform gallery - 'the Thousand Buddhas' - dates from the Middle Period, when the prestige of Angkor Vat spread across Buddhist Asia. Over the course of time the faithful erected here a great number of statues of the Buddha in stone, wood or metal, hence the gallery's name. Some of the statues still remain while others are exhibited or kept in conservation storehouses. Others have, for diverse reasons, been lost forever. Together, these Buddhist statues testify to an artistic school unique to the temple of Angkor Vat. The majority of Angkor Vat's 41 inscriptions dating from the Middle Period are found here, on the pillars of Preah Poan. Largely in Khmer, sometimes including Pali phrases, they date from the 16th to 18th centuries and record pious works performed at Preah Pisnulok by pilgrims, including members of the royal family. The authors inscribe their "vows of truth" and declare their "pure faith" in the religion of the Buddha. These stone inscriptions make an invaluable contribution to our understanding of the ideology of Theravada Buddhism as it became Cambodia's principal and official religion. Inscriptions in other languages, such as Burmese and Japanese, further demonstrate the cross-cultural attraction the temple has long exerted.
	Bakan Originally the principal sanctuary of Angkor Vat's uppermost terrace was open to the four cardinal points, and probably sheltered a statue of Vishnu, the supreme god of the temple. Later, when Angkor Vat became a center of Buddhist pilgrimage, the four entranceways into the central sanctuary were filled in with sandstone blocks; each of the newly constituted walls was then sculpted with a deep relief of the standing Buddha. In 1908 archaeologists opened the southern entranceway. In the place of any original Vishnu statue, they found multiple statue and pedestal fragments, as well as a sarcophagus. Further research carried out in the well of the central sanctuary in the 1930s revealed, at a depth of 23 meters, the temple's original foundation deposits: two circular gold leaves embedded in a laterite block.
A number of inscriptions at Preah Poan and Bakan, along with the artistic style of these Buddha figures, indicate that the enclosure of the central tower and its transformation into a Buddhist sanctuary was a royal work executed in the latter half of the 16th century. This architectural and iconographic transformation translated into space the conceptual transformation of the central Brahmanic sanctuary into a Buddhist stupa. Here the four Buddhas of the past, facing each of the four cardinal points, surround the garbha - the maternal matrix - which encloses Maitreya, the Buddha of the future. The Bakan illustrates in a most spectacular manner the evolution of Angkor Vat over time: as the ancient Vishnuite temple became a sacred Theravadin Buddhist site, Angkor Vat undoubtedly played a primary role in the conversion of Cambodia into a Theravadin nation. Angkor Vat Today Angkor Vat has always figured on Cambodia's national flag. The temple symbolizes the soul of the Khmer people, and the lasting grandeur of their past. Since December 1992, Angkor Vat and other Angkorian monuments have been classed as UNESCO "World Heritage". This is a great honor for Cambodia, and a major national obligation. We are responsible for Angkor's preservation not only before history and in respect of our ancestors, but also, today, before the entire international community.

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The advantages and disadvantages living in Phnom Penh city

The advantages and disadvantages living in Phnom Penh city

There are many countries in the world and other country always has their own capital city, where the place that people can know and understand is the name city of their own country. And the place that collects and mixes of many modern and interesting things together, like technology community center, Economic center, Business center, and modern lifestyle ...etch. Although Cambodian all so has own capital city to, and call Phnom Penh.
What the Phnom Penh city? How about the lifestyle of Cambodian people? What are the advantages and disadvantages living in Phnom Penh city?
Phnom Penh is the capital city of Cambodian. In there, there are many interesting places like Royal palace, national museum... and modern place.
There are enough educational systems like public schools, private schools or universities, and you can choose good and solvable time for you. There are many of library in school, public library, and national library, where there are many idioms and all kind of books that you can read and learn by yourself. For communication you can use mobile phone and public telephone and another special way we can community with other people or other place inside or outside the country by e-mail and you can get knowledge and hot news allover the world from internet.
Living in Phnom Penh city people can use their knowledge, their ability and experience to get a good job with a high salary. There are enough electricity and clean water to use. To satisfy basic needs and wants there are a lot of super markets, shopping centers, book shops ... where you can buy every thing like food, modern things wonderful clothes, books... else.
However, living in city will have a lot of competition life to satisfy their business and fulfill their stomachs. In the city has a lot of high buildings and the traffic in the city is so crowded, noise and all so pollutions because of traffic jam nearly everyday, so all of those made the weather in the city doesn’t have fresh air. Living in the city every thing it costs a lot of money. You need to give out a computed share your earn for everything around you for example electricity water transports...else. And anther way in the city has many of casinos nightclub bar extra, cause of that place easy to make negative externality for teen-age to go wrong way and give back many bad problems result to society.
After we’ve learnt and studied about this topic, it has made us knew and understood, that (Phnom Penh) is the name of capital city in Cambodia. We can get more information about some places in the country, and also easy to understand how difficulty living in the city.
Finally, we can say, in this world all things always have advantages and disadvantages at the same time. Although, living in the city you can get more advantages and get new idea for develop yourself, but we also have accepted disadvantages. Moreover, if you want to choose living in the city, you will get both, advantage and disadvantage at the same time to prepare yourself for the lifestyle that you want.

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The importance of computer in our lives

The importance of computer in our lives

Day after day, everything in the world develops every time. In the society also begin to busy and busy every day, so there have a lot of duty for each person to responsibility. To reach the modern world and help people to do easier from every difficult thing to make it convenient, in our world had to create every thing modern and new to satisfy basic needs and wants. There are many of new and modern things in our world those days, like mobile phone with camera, modern car with high technology, Mobile DVD and CD player, Computer desk top and laptop.......other. All those things are the way that can help people too much easy living. Now we choose computer one of those things to describe.
What is computer? How much importance of computer in our lives?
In the 20 centuries, technology in all over the word so develop, and computer is begin popular. People stared to interest to use computer electronic machine in their works. A computer is an electronic device used to process data and can convert data into information that is useful to people. A complete computer system includes Hardware, Software, Data, User, System unit, Keyboard, Mouse, and Speaker. Monitor is an output device for computer that provides a display screen, available in color or monochrome. Keyboard is the initial and primary in put device for almost all computing equipment. Mouse is a handheld device that lets you select and move items on your screen. System Unit is the cabinet or section of a computer that contains the central processing unit (CPU) and its support circuitry. Often, this cabinet contains the system’s random access memory (RAM).
In computer had a lot of programs and applications programs to use like Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Power Point, Auto CAD, Photo shop, Dictionary program,.......those programs are very useful for human basic. For example Microsoft Word is a word processing program you can use to efficiently produce professional looking document. Such as report, letter, essays and also you can design your work with picture or something else. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program you can use to organize, analyze and attractively present data, such as a budget or sales report. Excel allows you to efficiently enter, edit and format data in a worksheet. You can quickly enter a series of number, insert new row or change the width of column. You can also emphasize data by changing the font, color and style of data. Auto CAD is a program for Architect use for drawing and designing like drawing house plan, master plan...else. Microsoft Power Point is a program for you to make presentation slide for explain in the meeting or teaching. Photo shop is a program for design picture or photograph. In the photo shop you can cut or you can add something in to the picture to make the new one. All this description, it just a small part of computer (general of computer).
After we’ve learn and study about this topic, it had made us knew and understood, that (computer) is a machine electronic that produce to help people in over the world to do their works and computer can help your works to quickly and easier than before.
Finally, we can say computer is very impotent thing in our lives because have it you can do your work so completely and quickly if you haven’t it you can’t do you work clean and perfectly. And another way computer can give information for help you to find out your document, save you time and special you can use computer in your own language or in English.

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Compare and contrast Epicurus’and Peter Singer’s theories of happiness

Compare and contrast Epicurus’and Peter Singer’s theories of happiness

All human beings live in this world with fears, sadness, difficulties, problems, and happiness. To overcome each of these particular kinds of unwilling facts, Epicurus- a famous philosopher in Hellenistic period and Peter Singer had similar and contrast ideas about happiness.
In the real world of competition, happiness is a major considering option in everybody’s mind. Epicurus realized that to satisfy and maximize happiness ones must fulfill their necessary needs such as food, clothes, shelters, or water etc while Singer claimed similar ideas about maximize it. Singer believed that to support their own live, ones have only one duty is to earn for necessary things. For example, He stated that, after ones desires have been satisfied, the state of satiety, of no longer being in need or want, is itself pleasurable.
Epicurus believed that cutting down some potential needs of unnecessary things such as luxury food, cars, or clothes, is only one way to maximize happiness, however, ones should not spurn extravagant foods, for example, if they happen to be available.
In contrast Peter Singer had contrast ideas about happiness to Epicurus through unnecessary desires. Peter Singer tended to eliminate all unnecessary desires in order to get happiness. Within his statement about the comparison of Americans and Japanese, Germans, and Colombian people, he stated that the more people need or want unnecessary things the more they minimize their happiness. He believed that when they earned much money they would spend more times on work in order to earn such kind of incomes. By spending more time or work, they were more often in bad moods such as hostile, tense, anxious, and angry. For instance, he said that Americans are richer now than they were in the 1950’s but they are not happier. Americans in low incomes have a level of happiness that is almost identical to more incomes
Furthermore Epicurus’ ideas about happiness are tend to serve for individual fulfillment. His ideas about happiness are to serve individuals to find for happiness in every circumstance by their individual ways. He suggested all people to earn their living by satisfying individual necessary needs. He believed that when ones have satisfied their own needs, the whole world might be a happy one.
Nevertheless, Peter Singer’s ideas about happiness are to make society to be happy. He wanted all people in this world be happy with in an appropriate solution especially donation. He realized that when ones are happy they should share this happiness to others through donation as much as possible. Within his statement on September 05, 1999 in The New York Times Sunday Magazine, he mentioned that donated to one of a number of charitable agencies, that money could mean the difference between life and death of children in need. To support his above declaration, he showed audiences about Brazilian film- Dora who was a retired school teacher. He wanted to show that it was not necessary to sell nine years old street child in order to get some benefits to serve for her unnecessary fulfillment such as buying new clothes or TV without considering about human rights. He compared Dora’s way of thinking to most of Americans who have TV and need to upgrade to a better one. Moreover, to ignore the individual interests, he said that by not going to restaurant for one month everybody can save one boy life. Last but not least, he suggested that to maximize happiness in this world everybody should donate some of their money to charitable organization, NGO, or local agency in order to make the whole world become meaningful.
In short, Epicurus’ and Peter Singer’s ideas about happiness are to find ways to improve people’s lifestyle. Both of them suggested that all people earn their advantages of life through limitation of desires. Epicurus wanted all people cutting down unnecessary and vain desires with in the individuals’ way while Peter Singer maximized everybody’s happiness in the whole society through donation.

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Do you think that Epicurus’ methods to achieve happiness will work in our modern societies? Why or why not?

Do you think that Epicurus’ methods to achieve happiness will work in our modern societies? Why or why not?

All human beings live in this world with fear, sadness, difficulties, and problems. To overcome these particular kinds of unwilling facts, Epicurus- a famous philosopher in Hellenistic period has taught about this point to attain pleasure thought achieving desires and overcoming fears. These challenging ideas are still popular and useful until today. In the modern societies, his concepts about pleasure are partly right and wrong in overcoming fear, maximizing happiness thought desires.
In the real world of competition, desire is one of a powerful need and strongly influences in order to make individuals happy. Among these kinds of desires, the natural desire can be applied and achieve in our modern world easily. With in the development of agricultural, industrial and social sectors, food, water, shelter, and some kinds of basic supplies can be fulfill to people’s need. Even though those things are more difficult to find than the past, it is still available in the sustainable way. For example from the past till present, rice or wheat is still available and cheap. Those kinds of products are our people’s basic needs which can supply our whole world from hunger. Not only rice or wheat but also clothes are easy to find in everyday use. When all kinds of these necessary goods are easy to fulfill people can maximize their happiness.
In contrast, sometimes happiness is not easy to satisfy when desires are difficult to fulfill. In this modern world some resources are limited and scarce that leads people hard and tries more effort to find. For example, people mostly like and want diamond and gold. From one to another day, these natural resources are scarce, so they spend more money to buy and effort to find. With these difficulties and efforts people start to work heard in order to fulfill their desires. So, Epicurus’ ideas about maximizing happiness are partly wrong.
On the other hand, this modern world is the world of competition before getting their desires or happiness. Completely different from the past before getting the real power or fame one has to compete with other candidates, famous persons, or popular persons. It is the fact that in order to become a president of one country candidates he/she must be qualify and capable enough to lead huge amount of citizens. Example, the president of the US- Bill Clinton was a challenge candidate among many who had to compete before became a president. Moreover, within his career he had to convince with parliamentary members to prove about sexual intercourse corruption he made. More about unhappiness with Al-Gore, who did not win the election, he needed power but he did not get enough support by the majority. It can be possible if this situation occurred in the long past. With his ability and outstanding Gore could form a group and he could become a leader. However, in this modern world he could not get what he wanted. When his desires cannot be satisfied this empty desires people need to limit their desires in order to make them happy.
Not only to get pleasure by fulfilling desires but also eliminating fears. The statement of overcoming the death can be applied and proved in some particular times and situation. That is correct to teach people not be fear from death when they cannot escape from it. However, in this modern world, one must use their rational thinking to think off the disadvantages of not fear from death. The real world, during the cold war if not because of fear between the USSR and the USA, this small world would be destroyed by the great war because of using the modern weapons. With in this fear, this modern world can stay still and exist till to day with peace and happiness.
Constantly, sometimes overcoming fear does not helpful to people. In some situation, fear is the advantage of updating knowledge or skills. In this sense, fear is really good to make one to prepare, be ready, and advance to overcome obstacles. In real life students mostly are fears with the out-coming exam. With this particular fear, they learn heard, prepare and summarize all lessons, and memorize all important points and ideas. This advanced preparation lead them happy ending when passing the exam.
In short, Epicurus’ ideas of happiness even have lasted for long time but still correct and can be applied in modern society and some points. The concepts of maximizing of happiness through natural desires can be applied. However, happiness by getting from luxury goods, power, or fame cannot be applied easily when the natural resources are scar. Moreover, the concept of overcoming fear is partly correct while fear can make us be careful and ready before doing something.

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How to Become a Good English Teacher

How to Become a Good English Teacher

English is an international language in the world. People use English to communicate each other or do business. In order to learn this language effectively, teacher is the most important element in teaching. Moreover, students learn many things from their teacher who has experiences and knowledge in English. In order to become a good one, a teacher of English is based on three main factors: use both the Grammar-Translation method and the Communicative Language Teaching, provide motivation, and begin each new lesson with a review.

In teaching English language, first a good teacher uses both techniques of teaching- the Grammar-Translation method and the Communicative Language Teaching. Teacher should be flexible in teaching students English and changes from one technique to another when one among these techniques does not work well. For example, the Grammar-Translation method is used to teach the low level learners. In contrast, by using the Grammar-Translation method to teach the advanced learners it might make them bored, so the Communicative Language Teaching should be used in teaching them. Furthermore, in order to make students involve with studying English all the time, students should be grouped to work in pair or group. This is the advantages of Communicative Language Teaching. On the other hand, the ESL learners should be taught interchangeably by using the Grammar-Translation method and the Communicative Language Teaching.

Second, a good teacher is the one who motivates students to learn English. In this point, teacher uses both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to make students into learning process. Students especially the elementary learners need both kinds of motivation because they are normally young boys and girls. Sometimes, they leave home and go to school without motivation. So, motivation is a teacher responsibility for how to make English as an interesting thing for students. For example, teacher should admire the students all the times even though the students make mistakes or errors.

Third, a good teacher is a person who always begins each new lesson with a review. Students need to know and understand what they have learned in order to connect from the previous lesson to the new one. A good teacher should refresh the students’ memories by reviewing the previous lesson because learning is a process. For example, students need to review the past simple first before they go to the past progressive.

In conclusion, a good English teacher should have three main characteristics of teaching: use the both techniques of teaching, motivate students to learn hard, and review what students have learned in the previous session. Moreover, teacher should learn from students and be sensitive and flexible to social distinctions and try to be open to the personal needs.

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Why Domestic Violence Mostly Happens to Women From 25 to 45 Years Old

Why Domestic Violence Mostly Happens to Women
From 25 to 45 Years Old

Domestic violence happens throughout the word, especially in developing countries. Cambodia is one among others, which has high rate of domestic violence. Most victims from are women who are 25 to 45 years old according to many researches by MoWVA, PADV, and other NGOs. Why are women more likely to suffer abuse?
The traditional social order within the family units assigns different roles and responsibilities to men and women. The men are traditionally the heads of household – ideally protecting the safety of his family, family property, and providing the resources including income and heavy labor to support the family. The women are traditionally the household managers – ideally maintaining the smooth running of house and all its resources, caring, producing children, and saving money. The traditional code of conduct for the women (Chbab Srey) stated that the women should respect and serve their husband, always speak sweetly and softly. Moreover, Chbab Srey reinforces this inequality reminding women, "To avoid posing yourself as equal to your husband... and never above him who is your master" (Cathy and Erin 22). When this interdependency is disregarded by one party the responsibilities of the heads of household and the household managers become clash. This causes each party to defend their position and try to re-establish a balance in order to fulfill their differing responsibilities. The men are perceived as using physical power to re-establish this order. For example, they use physical power against the women to affirm their authorities and to punish the women's non-fulfillment of socially assigned responsibilities and conduct. Within the survey of MoWA, UNDP, and UNICEF showed that 9% of domestic violence came from these ideal roles and responsibilities (21). Furthermore, an act of not serving good food, or an act of insubordination, such as challenging a decision made by the men or questioning their actions are admissible excuses for violence.

In contrast, now many women are the sole or equal contributor to household incomes, this provider responsibility no longer rests solely on the men. Therefore, the heads of household have potentially less control of the household because the women are now less dependent on them, and they are sure to claim that they experience this as a threat to their traditional role. The only resource available to regain this control is their physical power. The men, by spending or taking money for themselves when there is not enough for the family, are not fulfilling their traditional responsibilities as providers. Moreover, they blame and punish their wives for failing to fulfill the wives’ responsibilities in order to shift, blame, or dishonor from themselves to their wives.
Moreover, the years of war have blurred the clear distinction of traditional gender roles and responsibilities. An increased number of women become the heads of household as a result of husband's death of long absence due to military actions. Now men are returning to this adapted order within the family and are trying to re-establish their position as the heads of household which often resort to the use of physical power. Social pressure is not restricted just to women; it can be argued that men too will be judged by the society if they fail to be seen as functioning effectively as the head of household. The war that prolonged has destroyed family and there are no morals or understanding.
Furthermore, poverty as a result of prolonged civil war was consistently mentioned as a major cause of domestic violence. The war caused poverty, but we assume they are referring to the destruction of the education system; many boys become soldiers at very young age and have no skill and few employment opportunities upon leaving the army. Those people do not have enough food because they have small incomes and it causes disputes and violence.
Lack of moral education as well as general education among both men and women were perceived to cause domestic violence. Many women and men lacked the capacity to reconcile differences through discussion and lacked awareness and understanding of laws and human

rights. The husband lacks tolerance and forgiveness to his wife as a cause of domestic violence in families.
Not only are there causes above, but also the Traditional Code of Conduct of Men called Chbab Phroh, instructs the men to stay away from the three forms of madness, such as drinking, sexual intercourse, and gambling. According to the latest survey of MoWA and UNDP in 2001 showed that there were 40 % of these three forms madness caused domestic violence (22). Gambling will lead to destruction of family, wealth a loss of possessions, will lead to arguments and violence, and break the rules of society. Making sexual advances to other women will lose blessing from god, lose good counsel from the monk, and will have irritability and an happiness with wives and children. It is interesting that one or more of the three forms of madness were mentioned above as causes of domestic violence. These are the issues that women would often challenge and advise their husbands because of their negative effects on the family economic and health on them and their children.
On the other hand, domestic valence happens in all family levels, but it is rarely showed in a rich or high education family because it can injure their authorities and rank. Moreover, many men regard their wives as slaves. They nearly don't allow their wives to communicate with other people, especially with other men, even though those communications related to the business. Those men usually look for their wives, and they
are jealous of their wives. A 1999 report by PADV, USAID, and TAF showed that there were 5% of domestic violence came from jealousy (10).
Besides the levels of education, some men threat their wives in order to ask for some money to go to brothel. They learned many bad habits from outside and then when they come back home they act out experiences they have learned. Their sexual needs cause them to threat their wives who may be sick to serve their passionate needs.


Also, present law doesn't include a specific law against domestic violence yet, so it allows authorities to ignore it. The police, court, and authorities consider that beating up the women is an internal issue. Moreover, the government does not have enough news public media or mass media in order to share to people about domestic violence in Cambodia.
In short, domestic violence which has been considered as an internal issue mostly happens by drinking, gambling, infidelity, poverty, illiteracy, less family responsibilities, considering the wives as slave, war, jealousy, refused sexual intercourse, the absence of specific law, lack of news public media, and natural factor. It is extremely an impact on society in negative ways, so a specific law should be enacted soon in order to protect the right of women. NGOs and government should provide more training courses to both men and women and concentrate on it.

Bibliography
C.Zimmerman, E. Nelson, Household Survey on Domestic Violence in Cambodia, PADV, Phnom Penh, 1996.

C.Zimmerman, Plate in a Basket Will Rattle, Cambodia, 1994.

C.Zimmerman, Violence Against Women, Second edition, Phnom Penh, 2002.

MoWA, PADV, The Domestic Violence Survey in Cambodia, Phnom Pen, 1997.

MoWA, UNDP, Workshop on Draft Law on Domestic Violence, Phnom Penh, 2001.

MoWA, UNDP, Workshop Proposed Legislation on Domestic Violence, Phnom Penh, 2001.

PADV, USAID, TAF, Workshop to Release the Result of Study on Domestic Violence Through Cambodian Newspapers, Phnom Penh, 1999.

PADV, UNDP, UNICEF, The Study on Domestic Violence, Phnom Penh, 1995.

W. Sue, Domestic Violence in Cambodia, A Study of Health Care Providers Perceptions and Response, Phnom Penh 1999.

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Best Practise in English Language Teaching

Best Practise in English Language Teaching

Why do people want to learn foreign languages, especially English? Is it because of English is for pleasure or is it because of people wants to understand or communicate each other? Why teaching English language is a big topic that is being focussed? In this sense, teaching on a course plays an important role in helping or improving English for students. In order to learn English correctly, students need good teachers and enough sources in English teaching, a clear curriculum, and enough resources in both studying and teaching.

A. Physical Facilities
Physical comfort and safety attract students to participate in classroom. If they are fear for their safety and don’t fell comfortable they will not be able to learn. A poorly constructed learning environment, on the other hand, may create tension and stress that prevent students from learning.
The supply of chairs, desks, blackboards, and lightening in school are obviously controlled by school’s staffs and not by teachers. In this point in order to attract students in learning English, all equipment related should be sufficient.
- Classroom:
All classrooms that attract students to study are clean and comfortable which are large enough, have air conditioners, have enough lights, pictures and map decoration, are preferable. Whiteboard should be big enough. Furthermore separate desks and chairs are very important in teaching English because of group or pair work. They need to move from one place to another. In addition class size may also influence teachers’ decisions making about group arrangement or classroom procedure.
- Students
In English teaching, a number of students are very important. In academic teaching of languages, students in one class should be less than thirty. The standard number of students each class can help teachers to teach easily and to control over all of their students.


- Building
The effective learners want to learn in a beautiful, tall, and big building with a large library. A large library is more helpful to English teaching and learning. Students feel comfortable when they see their school is big. Moreover, their mind will be clear because of the environment around their schools.
- Parking lots and gardens
Most students worried about the security of their transportations. In order to keep their transportations safe enough, parking lots should have enough spaces for their cars or motorcycles. In addition students need garden when they want to get fresh air or relax.

B. Teachers
Teacher is the most important element in English teaching. Students learn many things from teacher who have more experiences and knowledge in English.
Good English teachers depend on two main factors (a) the objective of the lesson and (b) the characteristics of the students. Different lessons have objectives that demand different teaching strategies. The effective English teacher should:
- Begin each new lesson with a review
- State the goal of the lesson
- Present new material in small steps
- Give clear instruction and explanations: good teachers should have clear objectives because students need to know what their activities are purposeful. Before teachers ask student to do something especially new things they need to tell their students the way how to do it.
- Give students much time to practice
- Ask numerous questions
- Guide initial practice: example is an important element for best teachers to show their students of how to conduct to do the exercises given.
- Provide feedback and corrections: good teachers should manage to give enough feedbacks to students as they are correct or not.
- Provide explicit instructions for seatwork
- Hold weekly, monthly reviews, or test: one job of teacher is to evaluate their students’ ability of English language they have learnt. In this way test, homework, presentation, and evaluation of checklist are needed.
- Provide security: teachers have to show their interest equally in every student, so that students feel positive with every body-including teacher.
- Provide motivation: in this point intrinsic and extrinsic motivation that are teachers’ responsibility for how to make English as an interesting thing for students.
- Give more information: teachers are not just to teach students what extract from the course but they should tell their students the references or sources in case their students need some extra information.
Not only the point above that best teachers should have, but also some points that all English teachers should follow and do it:
- All teachers should know all methods such as how to teach grammar, vocabulary, listening, and reading.
- The affective teachers should have high education than their students and be fair enough to their students in teaching.
- Eye contact should be used. Using eye contact helps teachers to establish rapport, such as give their students feel confidence and a sense of security.
- Use gesture s and facial expression: using of gestures and facial expression are part of communication skill which helps teachers to get across what they want to say. Sometimes students are not clear enough in meaning of words or sentences. By using gestures and facial expression, teachers made students to understand easily.
- Position and movement of teachers: in classroom students quickly become sensitive to where teachers are placed. So the best practice in teaching English, teachers should move slowly.
- Use the voice: voice plays an important role in English teaching. The teachers’ voice should be clear and loud enough according to the size of the classroom in order to make attraction from students.
- The last point of something that teachers should have is to know classroom management, such as how to arrange seats, how to use board, how to monitor their students, how to start lesson, how to finish lesson, and how to do lesson plan.
In addition, all English teachers normally face an obstacle to teach students which have different personalities, needs, beliefs, attitude, background knowledge, and school experience. In this point teachers face the difficult tasks of making the group a coherent whole and making instruction meaningful to all students. So the best teacher is one who learns from their students. Teachers have to be sensitive and flexible to social distinctions and try to be open to the personals needs. What teachers are going to do is to fulfil student’s needs.

C- Curriculum
There are many universities or schools which have their own curriculum. Some schools set up a similar curriculum to others depend on theirs needs. A school which has good curriculum normally attracts by many students. Moreover, teachers and students needs clear and good curriculum to improve their English skills.
Teachers want to design one curriculum that is useful and helpful to their students. Advanced technology such as over head projector should be used in English teaching. They need to design an effective program that students want to learn each term with variety of textbooks.
In each school or university the best practise in teaching also bases on three rules which are already set up by school or university. They are “rules, regulations, and routines” These three elements determine how to cope with classroom atmosphere which called “climate”. School need this part of curriculum to organize itself to run smoothly and effectively. School or English teaching practise who have a good regulations normally give student more disciplines and attractive classroom.

D- Resources
School system administrators influence teaching and learning though the progressive allocation of resources from the school and classroom. To support this assertion, we must show that (1) the teacher’s use of resources is constrained by what administrators make available and (2) the use of these resources affects students learning.
Resources are an important part in English teaching and learning. All teachers need resources to teach their students. Also students need resources to find out the references. Resources link closely to English teaching. In this sense books, workbooks, cassettes players, video, CD, VCD, DVD, TV, tape recorders, over head projector, and other supplies can help teachers in teaching and practise. Not only the supplies above that students need, but also advanced technology such as computer, the Internet, and network are helpful. Students need practise through communication, writing, listening, and reading. So they can use these materials to improve their English language skill.
In short, the best practice in English language teaching depends on four factors. In order to attract the students in learning and help teachers to teach easily, classroom and school should be clean and large enough. Moreover, teachers themselves must know teaching methodology and have disciplines to teach their students. In addition to teachers and physicals facilities schools should have clear curriculum and enough sources.

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Lifetime

What are some things you have not yet done in your lifetime but would like to do?


One thing that I wish to do is to become a good biologist. When I become it I’m going to write some books, keep it for next generations, and publish it through the world. Sometimes, I imagine that if I study hard on biology, bio-chemistry, haematology, immunology, micro-biology, physiology, demonology, and anatomy well, I will become a good biologist. If I become a biologist I will do some researches on tuberculosis and other opportunism diseases on HIV/AIDS patients. I really want to know why tuberculosis is a dangerous disease and still exist in Cambodia. I’m going to ask for some funds from WHO, foreign government, and other NGOs in order to do researches on them. According to WHO’s report, the mortality rate of Cambodian by tuberculosis and contaminated rate of HIV will increase in next year if government do not take care on them, so it is very interesting information. Even though this major is difficult and dangerous, I still like it very much. Because of my talent for biology I hope that I will become a good biologist in future.

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Review on Romeo and Juliet

Review on Romeo and Juliet

Some famous plays, comedies, and tragedies were written during sixteenth century by English writer to educate young teenagers at that time all over the world. Romeo and Juliet is one of a famous play, which was written by William Shakespeare (c.1564-1616) in 1595 by basing on his experiences and observation on young tonnages acts, old generation cultural influence and deep conflicts of rich families in Europe.

The story starts with a terrible meeting in the street of Verona of servants from the Montague and Capulets, which are the most well known families in Italy at that time, with in a brawl. We are to see about the tragic love of two young teens, Romeo- a handsome, tall, dark-haired and flashed eyes teen that changes his infatuations love to a great love and Juliet- a beautiful girl with beautiful eyes, gay mouth and smiling, and lovely face. The story is ended with sad ending with the deaths of the main characters-Romeo and Juliet and make peace in Verona and ends the deep conflict between the two families.

Until the end of the story what we don’t see and learn from it are lack of strict punishment from law in order to punish all trouble makers from the two families and miss to introduce readers of cultural background of Europe at that period of time.

In my opinion, I think that it is a very good story including organization, plot, and setting. It is also a meaningful story to all young teens in over the world especially in Cambodia and educates all Cambodians teens to use their rational thinking to think what is right and wrong before doing something. This story should be included in junior high school curriculum in order to experience students to know disadvantages of un-planning love and married.

What I like the most in this story is a great love of Romeo and Juliet even though they all know that there is a little possibility of winning over their both sides’ parents, and sensible and generous minds of the prince and Friar Laurance.

However, I hate some acts of Lord Montague, Capulet, and Tybalt. All of them are the worst characters and trouble makers. They all should know themselves that no one is perfect in life. What they should bear in mind are generosity, tolerant, patient, and sensible within their rational thinking use.

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Safety Precautions on the Road

Safety Precautions on the Road



Accidents can cause great sorrow. Many people believe that most accidents happen in home. Perhaps this is because most of them spend their time at home. Traffic accidents normally take place on the roads; they frequently happen in Cambodia. The common accidents usually happen in the morning and evening rather than the afternoon.
The heavy traffic in the morning and evening frequently causes accidents. Sometimes, drivers do not obey the traffic rules. They drive so fast and carelessly. They sometimes crash into other people, cars, or motorists along the road. Some articulated lorries or trucks that are not allowed to go into town in the morning or evening and rubbish cars occasionally run over or smash through other people. In view of the accidents, I suggest that every driver should take care of the speed limited along each road. Articulated lorries or trucks must not be allowed to go into town in the morning or evening; they should be parked in a park during the day and should go into town at the night time.
The direction of the road is very important. Some small roads are one-way streets. They are usually fixed interdictory signs. Some drivers do not obey those signs. Those drivers usually cause the serious accidents.
In some countries, drivers drive on the left hand side but in some people drive on the right hand side. Cambodia is one country which keeps the right hand side as the traffic rule. Because of traffic jams, some drivers who want to go first or are in hurry, go straightforward in the left side of the road. Those drivers frequently cause the accidents. They usually cash into other cars or motorcycles that are kept on the right side. It is a good idea that all passengers or drivers must know the right and left hand sides; they must obey the traffic rules. They must not pass the middle line of each road. They must be punished if they do something wrong.
Traffic lights are the most important tool in traffic circulation. They are located on different corners of a roundabout and equipped with different colours of light. If drivers do not follow them, they will have accidents or cause traffic jams immediately.
Even though accidents are a serious problem, they can be prevented. People, who are educated well, usually know the importance of traffic rules. They will travel safety, pay less money for insurance services, and save their time, if they follow the traffic light, signs, and rules.

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Cambodian Classical Dance

Cambodian Classical Dance

Cambodian classical dance was derived from Indian court dance, which traces its origins to the Apsarases of Hindu mythology. In this form of dance female nymphs were born to dance for the gods. It plays an important role in Cambodian culture. This dance arrived Cambodia ten centuries ago.
In the Angkor period, this classical dance has been associated with the Royal Court of Cambodia, and it was supported by the kings. Example, during Jayavarraman VII's reign, he ordered to build many temples, such as Prasat Prakhan, Taprum, Bayon etc. He let all dancers and musicians living in those temples, and he also accepted all dancers' families living with their wives, husbands, or mothers. He regarded all dancers as the heart of Cambodian culture. Moreover, he gave a lot of money, jewellery, clothes, and food to them. As the evidence showed, this form of classical dance was carved on the walls of many temples. The kings ordered to carve all the stories and gestures that related to this dance.
From the sixteenth century to 1970, this form of a beautiful dance form was still regarded as a very important dance in Cambodia. This beautiful dance was not used in normal parties, ceremonies, or celebrations, but it was accepted only in special events, especially in the Royal Palace.
Traditionally, most dancers were trained from childhood in the Royal palace and known as the Royal Cambodian Ballet. As a boy and girl, they were selected to train in the Royal Palace or school. They must dance everyday. During the training, they could be punished if they could not dance perfectly. Children who were accepted into the court came from all classes of society, especially the princes or princesses. They must practice all the plays, songs, pieces of music that performers have performed.
In the classical Cambodian dance, women dressed in brightly coloured costumes with elaborated headdress, performed slow, graceful movements, elegant gestures (Kbach) accompanied by a percussive ensemble known as the Pinpeat. The Pinpeat orchestras included drums, gongs, and bamboo xylophones played an important role in Cambodian Classical Dance because it told the dancers to start or to slow down.
Plays performed by actors wearing masks are very popular in Cambodia. Slow plays perform using leather puppets that enact scenes from the Reamker, are also popular. These actors are known as Ravana and Hanouman. . Dramas concerning the Buddha have also been staged since the twelfth century. This beautiful dance form embodies the historical traditions and values of Khmer throughout the world.
From 1975 to 1979, some musicians and artisans were killed, but some dancers and musicians escaped from Cambodia. They went to foreign countries. Fortunately, some dancers and musicians who went abroad came back Cambodia and taught Cambodian children in refugee camps in Thailand. Moreover this beautiful dance is kept alive today and taught once again at the University of Fine Art, Phnom Penh. It is a gentle art form of the classical dance and a symbol of Cambodian culture.

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The Evil of Gambling

The Evil of Gambling
♣•♥♠

Gamble is a kind of game that making people so attractive that people can not forget it or they always pay hot attentions to it. It makes the people desire to play everyday. It is not only attractive or strong desire to play, but makes the gamble persons lost everything, or they lazy to do something such as doing housework, doing business, and making money. What will happen to his or her family, living condition, society, and country if someone becomes gambler?
In fact, the evil of gambling is makes the person lost everything in case that they are willing to gamble all the times. Gambling is a terrible desire that cause a lot of problems in society of living. There are gamble persons are facing or confronting when gambling. There is a several reason that makes people gets from of the evil of gambling.
Firstly, the evil of gambling are effect for living condition, living condition must be lower and lower from day today because when they become a gamble person or lost more money they must not feel to stop to play it. However they try to gamble again, for they hope strongly that they will wine. But I fact it is not possible to happen to their expectations. When they lost all money, they will come back at home asking money. Sometimes, they may borrow money from their friends, neighbors, or relatives to gamble by promising that they will pay back the money to them as soon as or later. Moreover, they have contracted with the person that they owed money that they will pay a debt on time, but it they can not pay back on time it mean that everything that they have contracted with a lender will be collect what they have contracted such as house, cows, phone, and farming land. That is making destroyed to their living condition.
Secondly, the evil of gambling is make domestic violence, violence in family usually happened by gambling, husbands always are person conducting violence to the wives, if the wives haven’t gives money to them to gambling. Sometime they conflict to each other. The wives are usually fought by the husband’s cruelty. In addition the evil of gambling is may effect to their children, because their parents usually conduct domestic violence, children can not be educated well, sometime their parents need them to earn money for their living condition, so that the parents give up or stop their studies. There are due to gambling. On the other hand the evil of gambling is making them become the beggars that most of them are children. They have no land and home to live because their home was sold by gamble. Therefore their living conditions entirely bad.
Thirdly, the evil of gambling is making trouble to social; it makes society constable with insecurity and cruel robbery. Furthermore, it makes the people frighten to do anything, and it can’t make the country develop because have no investors or businessman attempt to invest in the country.
Finally, gambling seem to be cancer disease that can destroyed our life and also we can call it the evil of gambling, moreover we can say there is gambling there is poverty, domestic violence, illiteracy, and orphans.
Inclusion the evil of gambling is really effect and destroyed to our life, thus all of us should be give up or stop gambling forever if we want to get good future, happiness in family, security in social and include our country.

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If you're planning a wedding, you're probably wondering what will be trendy and hip. There's no denying that 2009 Wedding Trends will be heavily influenced by two things. Firstly, the economy. It seems dreary to be constantly talking about how the economy will impact your life, but fortunately, I'm already seeing ways in which a smaller budget has inspired couples to have more creative, intimate, and personal weddings.

These weddings are benefiting from a heavy dose of style, influenced by the many images and ideas circulating around the blogosphere. This chic style will be the second biggest influence this year. Rather than huge weddings, where cost cutting means a lack of details or fun, the 2009 wedding trends are full of fabulous details meant for smaller, affordable weddings.

Here's what I predict will be the top 2009 wedding trends:

* Macarons The delightful French cookies not only have a delicious almond flavor and light texture, but bakers have a tradition of making them in bright eye-catching colors, making them perfect for weddings. The newest trend is creating a tower of macarons instead of a wedding cake, but they’re also stunning as favors or as accompaniment to wedding cake.

* Gray For the past few years, chocolate brown has been the “It Color” popping up in weddings as a hip neutral, and combined with bright pink or cheery yellow. While chocolate brown isn’t going anywhere, the hippest new color for 2009 is gray. You may think of gray as too dreary a color for weddings, but on the contrary, it can serve as a sophisticated foil to brighter colors. It’s great paired with pink or yellow, but perhaps the hottest combination this year will be silver and royal purple.

* Affordable and Rewearable Bridesmaid Dresses Forget the peach tulle atrocities of yesteryear. 2009 brides are considerate, and mindful of the economy, so they’re looking for bridesmaid dresses that are truly rewearable, and don’t come with a sky-high price tag. For a beach wedding, consider telling your bridesmaids that they can wear a knee-length, spaghetti-strap dress in any shade of blue. They’ll not only be able to shop the department store sales, but your wedding reflect the beautiful colors of the ocean. If you still want a unified bridal party look, consider gathering your maids for a group shopping expedition.

* Farm Weddings No, I'm not talking about getting married amongst the combines, or having a cow for your bridesmaid. But farms can be an affordable place to get married with a lot of charm. Several of them allow your guests to interact with the animals, while others just provide idyllic pastoral settings. Add some additional down-home touches like gingham tablecloths, pitchers of jam or other country wedding style. Look for a farm that has a barn suitable for a reception.

* Small luxurious weddings Budgets might be tight, but that doesn’t mean that luxury and glamour are going away. Instead, couples are opting for intimate glamorous affairs. By having fewer guests, they can have more opulent details, like elaborate favors, beautiful wines and gourmet tasting menus. With such a backdrop, it then feels right to be in your tuxedos and gowns, surrounded only by your truest friends and loved ones.

* Vintage Fashion and Fascinators Having a vintage-inspired wedding is a great way to add some style without adding a lot of cost. 1920’s weddings will be especially hot this year. Especially look for brides wearing birdcage veils and fascinators. If you’re a Project Runway fan, you’ll definitely recall Kenley’s fascinators – the feathery charms that perch on your head. But many other designers also make a wide range of fascinators.They look both vintage and modern, whimsical and classic, all at the same time.

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